32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
32" x 12" x 3 canvas £87 inc U.K. Delivery
30" x 20"  canvas £58 inc U.K. Delivery
36" x 24" canvas £67 inc U.K. Delivery
40" x 30" canvas £72 inc U.K. Delivery
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5 ways to identify stress

Some people show their anxiety outwardly, while others are able to repress it from the outside world.

Stress affects everyone in different ways. Some people show their anxiety outwardly, while others are able to repress it from the outside world—for a while at least. While it is true that people have varying thresholds for stress and that it manifests itself differently for each person, there are certain telltale signs of anxiety. Some of these signs are behavioural and some are physical. Here are five of the ways stress typical manifests itself on the human body and soul.

One of the chief indicators of a stressed out person is the inability to make decisions—particularly trivial ones that normally would not be met with hesitation. Stress attacks a person’s confidence and assertiveness, and as a result, a normally decisive person may waiver on choices, insignificant and significant alike. If you find yourself in a store having a mini-crisis over what color scarf you should buy chances are it is not the winter apparel getting you down, rather, a deeper issue or a collection of stressful issues is bogging you down and clouding your mind.

Another prime indicator of high anxiety is a change in appetite. Usually a stressful situation will result in a loss of appetite; however, some people will seek solace and refuge in food.

Fatigue is another physical symptom of stress. Fatigue can be the result of being spread too thin at work or with personal problems. Insomnia, which can also be the byproduct of stress, will lead to fatigue during the day. The fatigue can be so pervasive that it affects the person both physically and mentally. Mental fatigue is tied in with the inability to make decisions and a person’s vulnerability to talking trivial matters way too seriously.

Changes in your body’s normal functions or appearance are signs of over-stress. Acne—zits or pimples—are more apt to show up on your face when you are stressed than if you are relaxed. Other skin blemishes may be indicators of anxiety as well. Nervous ticks may develop under great loads of stress. Your body’s digestive routine may be thrown off track under great stress as well. Diarrhoea or constipation often accompany a time of great anxiety.

Under great stress a loss of appetite may be accompanied by a loss of humour When a person is stressed out it can sometimes be difficult for him or her to see the lightness of an event or appreciate the humour in someone. Anxiety can stymie a person’s ability to see things in perspective and to distinguish between the serious and non-serious elements of life; and, as a result, nothing, or at least very little, is funny to a stressed out person.

How can you combat these stressed-out symptoms? The first thing to do is to take a deep breath. Deep breathing will send oxygen through your body and has a rejuvenating effect on your organs. Practice long and deep breaths whenever you have spare time. Second, go for a run. You do not need to run the marathon, but exercising for twenty to thirty minutes will not only jumpstart your body, but will give your mind a holiday from your stressful thoughts. Taking time out of the day for a long shower or bath can be a good de-stressor.

Keeping a journal of your feelings can be helpful in identifying the stress-catalysts in your life. Make sure you include what you did that day and how each event, encounter, or activity made you feel—physically and emotionally. In addition, having someone to talk to abut your problems is crucial if you find yourself stressed out. While a good friend or relative is an excellent resource, finding strangers with similar problems through can be beneficial as well. You can do this easily by looking into or joining online forums. Since stress often exists in or is caused by personal relationships between close friends or family members an outside source may be a better option.

Unless you have decided to take a vacation on a Caribbean island for a week,(which you should do if you can) it is a good idea to stay away from depressants like alcohol when you are stressed. Cracking open a beer after work may seem like a good idea when you are under great pressure but it can have a snowball effect that may send you deeper into your frenzied or depressed mood.

The last, and perhaps most important piece of advice is to get some sleep. Studies show that stress levels are typically higher people who do not get enough sleep. Buy a new down-blanket or splurge on that waterbed you’ve always had your eye on—whatever it takes—your body and mind will thank you when you feel well-rested and ready to take on the day in the morning.

Homemade health and beauty products

Recipe, instructions and ingredients for homemade soap, sunburn relief, mouthwash, toothpaste and beauty powders.

It’s fun to make your own lotions, powders, bubble bath and facial preparations. Not only can you experiment with various formulas until you perfect one just to your liking, you can also choose your own beautiful jars and decanters. Discount stores are full of uniquely shaped bottles and other containers for storing your new creations. You can label the potions by printing cute stickers from your home printer or purchasing blank adhesive labels for writing.

You can get recipes for bath and body products online or in library books, or rework some of these to suit your taste. Here’s a few to get you started:

Soap:

Make your own soap flakes by saving small bars of used soap and after drying, slice into small slivers. When the soap begins getting small, wash the soap well and place on a paper towels. After most of the water is absorbed, place the soap in a breathable container with others until you have enough to use for making new soaps. You can also purchase soap flakes rather than use old bars.

Mix and simmer 1 cup of soap flakes, 1 tablespoon of glycerin and a quart of water until the flakes are dissolved. Pour into a jar and let cool. Adjust the consistency of the soap by adding more or less water. Add essential oils or soap fragrances, found at craft stores.

You can make soap with glycerin which is found in cakes at craft stores and melted in a pot. Add 8 to 10 drops of essential oils to the melted glycerin, a drop or two of food colouring, then pour into moulds.

Powder:

Arrowroot powder works great to give a feeling of dryness. Sprinkle essential oils into arrowroot powder. Mix well and allow to dry for a couple of days, covered. Mix again and put the powder through a flour sifter to break up any lumps.

A cup of cornstarch, four tablespoons each of arrowroot powder and baking soda is mixed together to make a very nice powder. If you want scent, add essential oils, let dry and sift.

Mouthwash:

Boil a cup of water. Remove from heat and add a teaspoon each of ground cinnamon and parsley, along with a whole clove. Let the ingredients sit in the hot water for 15 minutes. Remove and strain, add a teaspoon of peppermint extract. Other extracts can be used instead of peppermint.

Toothpaste:

Mix one-half cup of bicarbonate of soda with one-sixth cup of salt. Add six teaspoons of glycerine and enough water to make a thick paste. Add several drops of peppermint extract or a different flavour to improve the taste.

Sunburn Relief:

Grow an aloe vera plant and keep it healthy. Should sunburn occur, break off a stalk and squeeze the juice onto the burn. Or use a half-cup of water with two teaspoons of vinegar to wipe on the sunburn. You can also pour a cup of raw oats into a warm bath. Soak for twenty to thirty minutes and pat dry. Or have a tea bath by dropping three to four tea bags in bath water

How to make your own body splash

If you love using after-shower body splash, you can make it at home for a fraction of the price by following this recipe.

Among the most popular of after-bath delights, body splashes are both deliciously fragrant and good for the skin. It makes sense then that women gladly spend thousands of dollars every year on these pampering sprays. From the local supermarket to the fanciest skin care salon, virtually every manufacturer offers its own unique twist on this product. Surprisingly, body splash can be made from a few simple ingredients at home for a fraction of the cost of store brands. For the creative woman who likes to save money, this homemade body splash recipe is definitely worth trying.

Why Use Body Splash?

Obviously, the greatest appeal of a body splash is its fragrance. No matter what your tastes, you can create a spray that is perfect for you. Splashes are meant to be applied to the entire body after bathing and provide a subtle hint of scent. For those of us who cannot tolerate either strong perfumes or their price, body splash is an appealing alternative. There is also a small amount of alcohol in body splash, which helps to preserve fragrance and has a mildly astringent effect on the skin. Thus, a body wash provides mild toning without the drying out the skin. For the person whose skin is prone to dehydration, there are also alcohol-free recipe alterations.

Ingredients

As mentioned earlier, alcohol is a common ingredient in body splash for both its fixative (scent retaining) and toning properties. If you have no objections to this ingredient, I suggest using pure vodka. Any quality of this liquor will work well, so do not let price deter you. Also, you should not use rubbing (isopropyl) alcohol, as its fumes can cause dizziness and nausea. Keep in mind that all alcohols are flammable, so keep your finished mixture away from heat and open flames. This ingredient, along with distilled water, comprises the majority of the basic body spray recipe. For those with sensitive skin, witch hazel can be used in place of vodka.

Now we can move on to the most important body splash ingredient: fragrance. For simplicity's sake, I recommend that beginners use a prefabricated fragrance oil to scent their creations. Not only are they affordable since a little goes a long way, but they also come in every variety imaginable. Whether you love the smell of Bath and Body Works products, Yankee candles, designer perfumes, or baked goods, you can find the perfect fragrance oil. When shopping, check in local hobby shops or on the Internet using the keywords "cosmetic fragrance oils." Only buy products labelled as safe for use in cosmetics. Also, check labelling information to see if the oil is alcohol-soluble. Such scents are better suited to body splash use.

Herbal Scenting

A great alternative to synthetic fragrance is essential oils scenting. This type of perfume gives the added benefit of being completely natural. You can blend these herbal extracts to suit your scent preferences (i.e. rose and jasmine for a floral scent or vanilla and ylang-ylang for an exotic scent). On the other hand, you can give your body splash aroma-therapeutic power with the right blend. I suggest orange and ginger oils for an energizing scent, rose, sandalwood, and pine for a relaxing scent, myrrh and ylang-ylang for a romantic scent. You can buy individual essential oils from health food stores or over the Internet Be sure only to purchase oils in dark glass bottles since sunlight breaks down their fragrance. You may also be able to purchase aromatherapy blends.

Recipe

In a glass jar, combine one-half cup of vodka or witch hazel and one cup of distilled water. To this, add no more than six drops of fragrance or essential oil. Cover the container and shake well for thirty seconds to distribute the oil completely. Finally, attach a spray nozzle and your personalized label to the jar.

How to Use

After bathing, spray yourself liberally with your homemade body splash. You do not need to rub it in since the alcohol will help excess moisture evaporate within a minute or two. Once you are dry, moisturize as usual and dress. You may wish to reapply the spray every few hours since the scent is not as long-lived as a perfume. Spray it on wet or dry hair to give it a delicate fragrance throughout the day.

Body splash is just one of the many pampering products you can make for mere pennies at home. You can use this simple recipe to make gifts for everyone, male or female, simply by experimenting with different scents. You can even create a different spray scent for yourself to use every day of the week. With so many options and so little cost, the possibilities are virtually endless.

5 ways to identify stress

Some people show their anxiety outwardly, while others are able to repress it from the outside world.

Stress affects everyone in different ways. Some people show their anxiety outwardly, while others are able to repress it from the outside world—for a while at least. While it is true that people have varying thresholds for stress and that it manifests itself differently for each person, there are certain telltale signs of anxiety. Some of these signs are behavioural and some are physical. Here are five of the ways stress typical manifests itself on the human body and soul.

One of the chief indicators of a stressed out person is the inability to make decisions—particularly trivial ones that normally would not be met with hesitation. Stress attacks a person’s confidence and assertiveness, and as a result, a normally decisive person may waiver on choices, insignificant and significant alike. If you find yourself in a store having a mini-crisis over what color scarf you should buy chances are it is not the winter apparel getting you down, rather, a deeper issue or a collection of stressful issues is bogging you down and clouding your mind.

Another prime indicator of high anxiety is a change in appetite. Usually a stressful situation will result in a loss of appetite; however, some people will seek solace and refuge in food.

Fatigue is another physical symptom of stress. Fatigue can be the result of being spread too thin at work or with personal problems. Insomnia, which can also be the byproduct of stress, will lead to fatigue during the day. The fatigue can be so pervasive that it affects the person both physically and mentally. Mental fatigue is tied in with the inability to make decisions and a person’s vulnerability to talking trivial matters way too seriously.

Changes in your body’s normal functions or appearance are signs of over-stress. Acne—zits or pimples—are more apt to show up on your face when you are stressed than if you are relaxed. Other skin blemishes may be indicators of anxiety as well. Nervous ticks may develop under great loads of stress. Your body’s digestive routine may be thrown off track under great stress as well. Diarrhea or constipation often accompany a time of great anxiety.

Under great stress a loss of appetite may be accompanied by a loss of humour When a person is stressed out it can sometimes be difficult for him or her to see the lightness of an event or appreciate the humor in someone. Anxiety can stymie a person’s ability to see things in perspective and to distinguish between the serious and non-serious elements of life; and, as a result, nothing, or at least very little, is funny to a stressed out person.

How can you combat these stressed-out symptoms? The first thing to do is to take a deep breath. Deep breathing will send oxygen through your body and has a rejuvenating effect on your organs. Practice long and deep breaths whenever you have spare time. Second, go for a run. You do not need to run the marathon, but exercising for twenty to thirty minutes will not only jumpstart your body, but will give your mind a holiday from your stressful thoughts. Taking time out of the day for a long shower or bath can be a good de-stressor.

Keeping a journal of your feelings can be helpful in identifying the stress-catalysts in your life. Make sure you include what you did that day and how each event, encounter, or activity made you feel—physically and emotionally. In addition, having someone to talk to abut your problems is crucial if you find yourself stressed out. While a good friend or relative is an excellent resource, finding strangers with similar problems through can be beneficial as well. You can do this easily by looking into or joining online forums. Since stress often exists in or is caused by personal relationships between close friends or family members an outside source may be a better option.

Unless you have decided to take a vacation on a Caribbean island for a week,(which you should do if you can) it is a good idea to stay away from depressants like alcohol when you are stressed. Cracking open a beer after work may seem like a good idea when you are under great pressure but it can have a snowball effect that may send you deeper into your frenzied or depressed mood.

The last, and perhaps most important piece of advice is to get some sleep. Studies show that stress levels are typically higher people who do not get enough sleep. Buy a new down-blanket or splurge on that waterbed you’ve always had your eye on—whatever it takes—your body and mind will thank you when you feel well-rested and ready to take on the day in the morning.

Is "natural" really natural?

Times are changing, but everyone still wants to be beautiful. Every woman wants to look young and striking. Men just like women are also taking care of themselves. That’s why everyone is buying cosmetics. All of us are using more or less make-up and body care products.

So, it’s the right time to have discussion about natural cosmetics. Word “cosmetics” includes skin, hair, nails and teeth care products. Nowadays cosmetics industry is using term “natural”, but is this “natural” really natural, safe and useful for us?

Let’s make one simple experiment. Take some of your cosmetics which are called “natural” and read place where ingredients are declared. Most likely you will find a lot of interesting and mysterious chemical words. How can it be so if product is natural?

This aspect shows that word “natural” not always means truly natural and is only nice advertisement for manufacturing company. In fact they also include a multitude of synthetic ingredients. We must always check our cosmetic products if they don’t contain any of carcinogens,cancer-causing agents,toxins, irritants, contaminants or potentially harmful ingredients.

In our daily life there are tens of thousands of synthetic chemicals.

 

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Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional comic book superhero co-created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger (although only Kane receives official credit)[1] and published by DC Comics. The character made his first appearance in Detective Comics (May 1939). Batman's secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy industrialist, playboy, and philanthropist. Witnessing the murder of his parents as a child leads him to train himself to physical and intellectual perfection and don a bat-themed costume in order to fight crime. Batman operates in Gotham City, assisted by various supporting characters including his sidekick Robin and his butler Alfred Pennyworth, and fights an assortment of villains influenced by the characters' roots in film and pulp magazines. Unlike most superheroes, he does not possess any superpowers; he makes use of intellect, detective skills, science and technology, wealth, physical prowess, and intimidation in his war on crime.

 

Batman became a popular character soon after his introduction, and eventually gained his own title, Batman. As the decades wore on, differing takes on the character emerged. The late 1960s Batman television series utilized a camp aesthetic associated with the character for years after the show ended. Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots, culminating in the 1986 miniseries Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, by writer-artist Frank Miller. That and the success of director Tim Burton's 1989 Batman motion picture helped reignite popular interest in the character. A cultural icon, Batman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media, from radio to television and film, and appears on a variety of merchandise sold all over the world.

 

Creation

In early 1938, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at the comic book division of National Publications (the future DC Comics) to request more superheroes for its titles. In response, Bob Kane created "the Bat-Man". Collaborator Bill Finger recalled Kane

 

“ had an idea for a character called 'Batman', and he'd like me to see the drawings. I went over to Kane's, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of ... reddish tights, I believe, with boots ... no gloves, no gauntlets ... with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two stiff wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign ... BATMAN. ”

 

Finger offered such suggestions as giving the character a cowl instead of a simple domino mask, a cape instead of wings, and gloves, and removing the red sections from the original costume. Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character's secret identity: "Bruce Wayne's first name came from Robert Bruce, the Scottish patriot. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry. I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism. I tried Adams, Hancock ... then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne". Various aspects of Batman's personality, character history, visual design and equipment were inspired by contemporary popular culture of the 1930s, including movies, pulp magazines, comic strips, newspaper headlines, and even aspects of Kane himself.[6] Kane noted especially the influence of the films The Mark of Zorro (1920) and The Bat Whispers (1930) in the creation of the iconography associated with the character, while Finger drew inspiration from literary characters Doc Savage, The Shadow, and Sherlock Holmes in his depiction of Batman as a master sleuth and scientist.

 

Kane himself, in his 1989 autobiography, detailed Finger's contributions to Batman creation:

 

“ One day I called Bill and said, 'I have a new character called the Bat-Man and I've made some crude, elementary sketches I'd like you to look at'. He came over and I showed him the drawings. At the time, I only had a small domino mask, like the one Robin later wore, on Batman's face. Bill said, 'Why not make him look more like a bat and put a hood on him, and take the eyeballs out and just put slits for eyes to make him look more mysterious?' At this point, the Bat-Man wore a red union suit; the wings, trunks, and mask were black. I thought that red and black would be a good combination. Bill said that the costume was too bright: 'Color it dark gray to make it look more ominous'. The cape looked like two stiff bat wings attached to his arms. As Bill and I talked, we realized that these wings would get cumbersome when Bat-Man was in action, and changed them into a cape, scalloped to look like bat wings when he was fighting or swinging down on a rope. Also, he didn't have any gloves on, and we added them so that he wouldn't leave fingerprints. ”

 

Kane signed away ownership in the character in exchange for, among other compensation, a mandatory byline on all Batman comics. This byline did not, originally, say "Batman created by Bob Kane"; his name was simply written on the title page of each story. The name disappeared from the comic book in the mid-1960s, replaced by credits for each story's actual writer and artists. In the late 1970s, when Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster began receiving a "created by" credit on the Superman titles, along with William Moulton Marston being given the byline for creating Wonder Woman, Batman stories began saying "Created by Bob Kane" in addition to the other credits.

 

Finger did not receive the same recognition. While he had received credit for other DC work since the 1940s, he began, in the 1960s, to receive limited acknowledgment for his Batman writing; in the letters page of Batman  (Feb. 1965) for example, editor Julius Schwartz names him as the creator of the Riddler, one of Batman's recurring villains. However, Finger's contract left him only with his writing page rate and no byline. Kane wrote, "Bill was disheartened by the lack of major accomplishments in his career. He felt that he had not used his creative potential to its fullest and that success had passed him by". At the time of Finger's death in 1974, DC had not officially credited Finger as Batman co-creator. Jerry Robinson, who also worked on the strip at this time has criticized Kane for failing to share the credit, and recalled Finger resenting his position, stating in a 2005 interview with The Comics Journal,

 

“ Bob made him more insecure, because while he slaved working on Batman, he wasn't sharing in any of the glory or the money that Bob began to make, which is why... he was going to leaveKane's employ. ... Kane should have credited Bill as co-creator, because I know; I was there. ... That was one thing I would never forgive Bob for, was not to take care of Bill or recognize his vital role in the creation of Batman. As with Siegel and Shuster, it should have been the same, the same co-creator credit in the strip, writer and artist.

The first Batman story, "The Case of the Chemical Syndicate," was published in Detective Comics (May 1939). Finger said, "Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps" and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals and was not above using firearms. Batman proved a hit character, and he received his own solo title in 1940, while continuing to star in Detective Comics. By that time, National was the top-selling and most influential publisher in the industry; Batman and the company's other major hero, Superman, were the cornerstones of the company's success. The two characters were featured side-by-side as the stars of World's Finest Comics, which was originally titled World's Best Comics when it debuted in fall 1940. Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period.

 

Over the course of the first few Batman strips elements were added to the character and Kane's artistic depiction of Batman evolved. Kane noted within six issues he drew the character's jaw more pronounced and lengthened the ears on the costume; "About a year later he was almost the full figure, my mature Batman," Kane said. Batman's characteristic utility belt was introduced in Detective Comics (July 1939), followed by the batarang and the first bat-themed vehicle in (September 1939), and the character's origin was revealed in (November 1939). The early pulp-influenced portrayal of Batman started to soften in Detective Comics in 1940 with the introduction of Robin, Batman's kid sidekick. Robin was introduced based on Finger's suggestion Batman needed a "Watson" with whom Batman could talk. Sales nearly doubled, despite Kane's preference for a solo Batman, and it sparked a proliferation of "kid sidekicks." The first issue of Batman was notable not only for introducing two of his most persistent antagonists, the Joker and Catwoman, but for one of the stories in the issue where Batman shoots some monstrous giants to death. That story prompted editor Whitney Ellsworth to issue a decree that the character could no longer kill or use a gun. By 1942 the writers and artists behind the Batman comics had established most of the basic elements of the Batman mythos.In the years following World War II, DC Comics "adopted a postwar editorial direction that increasingly de-emphasized social commentary in favor of lighthearted juvenile fantasy." The impact of this editorial approach was evident in Batman comics of the postwar period; removed from the "bleak and menacing world" of the strips of the early 1940s, Batman was instead portrayed as a respectable citizen and paternal figure that inhabited a "bright and colorful" environment.

 

 

1950-1963

Batman was one of the few superhero characters to be continuously published as interest in the genre waned during the 1950s. In the story "The Mightiest Team In the World" in Superman (June 1952), Batman teams up with Superman for the first time and the pair discovers each other's secret identity. Following the success of this story, World's Finest Comics was revamped so it featured stories starring both heroes together, instead of the separate Batman and Superman features that had been running before.[20] The team-up of the characters was "a financial success in an era when those were few and far between;" this series of stories ran until the book's cancellation in 1986.

 

Batman comics were among those criticized when the comic book industry came under scrutiny with the publication of psychologist Fredric Wertham's book Seduction of the Innocent in 1954. Wertham's thesis was that children imitated crimes committed in comic books, and that these works corrupt the morals of the youth. Wertham criticized Batman comics for their supposed homosexual overtones and argued that Batman and Robin were portrayed as lovers. Wertham's criticisms raised a public outcry during the 1950s, eventually leading to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority. The tendency towards a "sunnier Batman" in the postwar years intensified after the introduction of the Comics Code. It has also been suggested by scholars that the characters of Batwoman (in 1956) and Bat-Girl (in 1961) were introduced in part to refute the allegation that Batman and Robin were gay, and the stories took on a campier, lighter feel.

 

In the late 1950 Batman stories gradually become more science fiction-oriented, an attempt at mimicking the success of other DC characters that had dabbled in the genre. New characters such as Batwoman, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Bat-Mite were introduced. Batman has adventures involving either odd transformations or dealing with bizarre space aliens. In 1960, Batman debuted as a member of the Justice League of America in The Brave and the Bold (February 1960) and went on to appear in several Justice League comic series starting later that same year.

 

"New Look" Batman and camp

By 1964, sales on Batman titles had fallen drastically; Bob Kane noted that as a result "[DC was] planning to kill Batman off altogether." Editor Julius Schwartz was soon assigned to the Batman titles and presided over drastic changes. Beginning with 1964's Detective Comics (May 1964) — cover-billed as the "New Look" — Schwartz introduced changes designed to make Batman more contemporary and return him to more detective-oriented stories, including a redesign of Batman's equipment, the Batmobile, and his costume (introducing the yellow ellipse behind the costume's bat-insignia), and brought in artist Carmine Infantino to help in this makeover. The space aliens and characters of the 1950s such as Batwoman, Ace, and Bat-Mite were retired. Batman's erstwhile butler Alfred was killed and replaced with Aunt Harriet, who came to live with Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson.

The debut of the Batman television series in 1966 had a profound influence on the character. The success of the series increased sales throughout the comic book industry, and Batman reached a circulation of close to 900,000 copies. Elements such as the character of Batgirl and the show's campy nature were introduced into the comics; the series also initiated the return of Alfred. Although both the comics and TV show were successful for a time, the camp approach eventually wore thin and the show was canceled in 1968. In the aftermath the Batman comics themselves lost popularity once again. As Julius Schwartz noted, "When the television show was a success, I was asked to be campy, and of course when the show faded, so did the comic books."

 

Starting in 1969, writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams made a deliberate effort to distance Batman from the campy portrayal of the 1960s TV series and to return the character to his roots as a "grim avenger of the night." O'Neil said his idea was "simply to take it back to where it started. I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories. I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after." O'Neil and Adams first collaborated on the story "The Secret of the Waiting Graves" (Detective Comics #395, Jan. 1970). Few stories were true collaborations between O'Neil, Adams, Schwartz, and inker Dick Giordano, and in actuality these men were mixed and matched with various other creators during the 1970s; nevertheless the influence of their work was "tremendous." Giordano said, "We went back to a grimmer, darker Batman, and I think that's why these stories did so well . . . Even today we're still using Neal's Batman with the long flowing cape and the pointy ears." While the work of O'Neil and Adams was popular with fans, the acclaim did little to help declining sales; the same held true with a similarly acclaimed run by writer Steve Englehart and penciler Marshall Rogers in Detective Comics(Aug. 1977 - April 1978), which went on to influence the 1989 movie Batman and be adapted for the 1990s animated series. Regardless, circulation continued to drop through the 1970s and 1980s, hitting an all-time low in 1985

The Dark Knight Returns and modern Batman (1986-present)

Frank Miller's 1986 limited series Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, which tells the story of a 50-year-old Batman coming out of retirement in a possible future, reinvigorated the character. The Dark Knight Returns was a financial success and has since become one of the medium's most noted touchstones.The series also sparked a major resurgence in the character's popularity That year Dennis O'Neil took over as editor of the Batman titles and set the template for the portrayal of Batman following DC's status quo-altering miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths. O'Neil operated under the assumption that he was hired to revamp the character and as a result tried to instill a different tone in the books than had gone before. One outcome of this new approach was the "Year One" storyline in Batman #404-407 (Feb.-May 1987), where Frank Miller and artist David Mazzucchelli redefined the character's origins. Writer Alan Moore and artist Brian Bolland continued this dark trend with 1988's 48-page one-shot Batman: The Killing Joke, in which the Joker, attempting to drive Commissioner Gordon insane, cripples Gordon's daughter Barbara, and then kidnaps and tortures the commissioner, physically and psychologically.

 

The Batman comics garnered major attention in 1988 when DC Comics created a 900 number for readers to call to vote on whether Jason Todd, the second Robin, lived or died. Voters decided in favor of Jason's death by a narrow margin of 28 votes. The following year drew more attention to the character, due to the release of the feature 1989 film Batman. In addition to the film's multimillion dollar gross and millions more generated in merchandising, the first issue of Legends of the Dark Knight, the first new solo Batman title in nearly fifty years, sold close to a million copies.1993's "Knightfall" arc introduces a new villain, Bane, who critically injures Batman. Jean-Paul Valley, known as Azrael, is called upon to wear the

Batsuit during Bruce Wayne's convalescence. Writers Doug Moench, Chuck Dixon, and Alan Grant worked on the Batman titles during "Knightfall" and would also contribute to other Batman crossovers throughout the 1990s. 1998's "Cataclysm" storyline served as the precursor to 1999's "No Man's Land", a year-long storyline that ran through all the Batman-related titles dealing with the effects of an earthquake-ravaged Gotham City. At the conclusion of "No Man's Land" O'Neil stepped down as editor and was replaced by Bob Schreck. In 2003, writer Jeph Loeb and artist Jim Lee began a 12-issue run on Batman. Lee's first regular comic book work in nearly a decade, the series became #1 on the Diamond Comic Distributors sales chart for the first time since Batman (Oct. 1993). Lee then teamed with Frank Miller on All-Star Batman and Robin, which debuted with the best-selling issue in 2005, as well as the highest sales in the industry since 2003. Batman was featured in major roles in DC's 2005 company-wide crossover Identity Crisis and 2006's Infinite Crisis. Starting in 2006, the regular writers on Batman and Detective Comics were Grant Morrison and Paul Dini, respectively.

Characterization

Batman's primary character traits can be summarized as "wealth; physical prowess; deductive abilities and obsession." The details and tone of Batman's characterization have varied over the years due to different intrepretations. Dennis O'Neil noted that character consistency wasn't a major concern during earlier editorial regimes; he said, "Julie Schwartz did a Batman in Batman and Detective and Murray Boltinoff did a Batman in the Brave and the Bold and apart from the costume they bore very little resemblance to each other. Julie and Murray did not coordinate their efforts, did not pretend to, did not want to, were not asked to. Continuity was not important in those days."

 

A main component that defines Batman as a character is his origin story. Bob Kane said he and Bill Finger discussed the character's background and decided that "there's nothing more traumatic than having your parents murdered before your eyes." Batman is thus driven to fight crime in order to avenge the death of his parents. While details of Batman's origin have varied from version to version, the "reiteration of the basic origin events holds together otherwise divergent expressions" of the character. The origin is the source of many of the character's traits and attributes, which play out in many of the character's adventures.

 

Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories. Frank Miller views the character as "a dionysian figure, a force for anarchy that imposes an individual order."Dressed as a bat, Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime fighting.

 

Skills, abilities, and resources

Unlike many superheroes, Batman has no superpowers and instead relies on "his own scientific knowledge, detective skills, and athletic prowess." Batman is physically at the peak of human ability in dozens of areas, notably martial arts, acrobatics, strength, and escape artistry. Intellectually, he is just as peerless; Batman is one of the world's greatest scientists, engineers, criminologists, and tacticians, as well as a master of disguise, often gathering information under the identity of Matches Malone. He is regarded as one of the DC Universe's greatest detectives. Rather than simply outfighting his opponents, Batman often uses cunning and planning to outwit them. In Grant Morrison's first storyline in JLA, Superman describes Batman as "the most dangerous man on Earth," able to defeat a team of superpowered aliens all by himself in order to rescue his imprisoned teammates.

 

 

Costume Batsuit

Batman's costume incorporates the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals. The details of the Batman costume change repeatedly through various stories and media, but the most distinctive elements remain consistent: a scallop-hem cape, a cowl covering most of the face featuring a pair of batlike ears, and a stylized bat emblem on the chest, plus the ever-present utility belt. The costumes' colors are traditionally blue and grey although black or black with dark blue highlights are frequently substituted for the blue. Batman's gloves typically feature three scallops that protrude from the sides. A yellow ellipse around the bat logo on the character's chest was added in 1964, and became the hero's trademark symbol, akin to the red and yellow "S" symbol of Superman. The overall look of the character, particularly the length of the cowl's ears and of the cape, varies greatly depending on the artist. Dennis O'Neil said, "We now say that Batman has two hundred suits hanging in the Batcave so they don't have to look the same . . . Everybody loves to draw Batman, and everybody wants to put their own spin on it."

 

 

Equipment

Batman utilizes a large arsenal of specialized gadgets in his war against crime, the designs of which usually share a bat motif. Batman historian Les Daniels credits Gardner Fox with creating the concept of Batman's arsenal with the introduction of the utility belt in Detective Comics(July 1939) and the first bat-themed weapons the batarang and the "Batgyro" in Detective Comics and  (September; October, 1939). Batman's primary vehicle is the Batmobile, which is usually depicted as an imposing black car with large tailfins that suggest a bat's wings. Batman's other vehicles include the Batplane (aka the Batwing), Batboat, Bat-Sub, and Batcycle.

 

In proper practice, the "bat" prefix (as in batmobile or batarang) is rarely used by Batman himself when referring to his equipment, particularly after some portrayals (primarily the 1960s Batman live-action television show and the Super Friends animated series) stretched the practice to camp proportions. The 1960s television series Batman has an arsenal that includes such ridiculous, satirical "bat-" names as the bat-computer, bat-scanner, bat-radar, bat-cuffs, bat-pontoons, bat-drinking water dispenser, bat-camera with polarized bat-filter, shark repellent bat-spray, and bat-rope. The storyline "A Death in the Family" suggests that given Batman's grim nature, he is unlikely to have adopted the "bat" prefix on his own.

 

Batman keeps most of his field equipment in a signature piece of apparel, a utility belt. Over the years it is shown to contain a virtually limitless variety of crimefighting tools. Different versions of the belt have these items stored in either pouches or hard cylinders attached evenly around it.

 

In some of his early appearances, Batman uses guns (see especially Detective Comics, September 1939), but he uses them less over time, later eschewing their use because a gun was used to murder his parents. Some stories relax this rule, allowing Batman to arm his vehicles for the purpose of disabling other vehicles or removing inanimate obstacles. In two stories, The Dark Knight Returns and The Cult, Batman used machine guns loaded with rubber bullets rather than live ammunition. In the 1989 Batman film, firearms figure more prominently in the Dark Knight's arsenal; machine guns and grenades are mounted on the Batmobile, and missiles and machine cannons on the Batwing.

 

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